Refence Ranges

1. Global “normal” reference values are not available due to the effects of specimen processing, lavage technique, and cigarette smoking. Macrophages constitute the largest percentage of cells normall obtained.

• These Reference Ranges or Cutoff Values of normal vs. abnormal are based on the peer reviewed literature and reference texts. We cannot define 95% range for normal patients, as it would require invasisve sampling of normal people.